RESUMO Vírus transmitidos por alimentos, incluindo hepatite A (HAV), norovírus (NoV), rotavírus (RoV) e hepatite E (HEV) são facilmente transmitidos através de frutos do mar contaminados. Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar a incidência de RoV, NoV GI e GII, hAV e hEV em amostras de peixes e camarões capturadas no Golfo Pérsico, Irã. Foram coletadas 300 amostras de peixes e camarões. A presença de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Quarenta e nove das 320 amostras de peixes e camarões (15,31%) foram positivas para vírus transmitidos por alimentos. A distribuição de hAV, NoV GI e NoV GII entre as amostras estudadas foi 0,93%, 5,93% e 8,43%, respectivamente. Os vírus hEV e RoV não foram encontrados nas amostras estudadas. Os peixes Parastromateus niger e Scomberomorus commerson e o camarão Penaeus monodon foram as amostras mais frequentemente contaminadas. A incidência simultânea de hAV e NoV GI, e hAV e NoV GII foi de 0,31% e 0,93%, respectivamente. A distribuição dos vírus transmitidos por alimentos nas amostras coletadas na primavera, verão, outono e inverno foi de 14,28%, 9,33%, 11,76% e 24,44%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram que a incidência de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi significativamente associada às espécies de frutos do mar e também à época da amostragem.

ABSTRACT Foodborne viruses including hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RoV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are easily transmitted through contaminated seafoods. The current research was done to assess the incidence of RoV, NoV GI and GII,hAV and hEV in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Three-hundred and twenty fish and shrimp samples were collected. The presence of foodborne viruses were assessed by the real-time PCR. Forty-nine out of 320 (15.31%) fish and shrimp samples were positive for foodborne viruses. Distribution of hAV, NoV GI and NoV GII amongst all studied samples were 0.93%, 5.93% and 8.43%, respectively. hEV and RoV viruses were not found in studied samples. Parastromateus niger and Scomberomorus commerson fish and Penaeus monodon shrimp were the most frequently contaminated samples. Simultaneous incidence of hAV and NoV GI and hAV and NoV GII were 0.31% and 0.93%, respectively. Distribution of foodborne viruses in samples collected through spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons were 14.28%, 9.33%, 11.76% and 24.44%, respectively. Findings revealed that the incidence of foodborne viruses was significantly associated with seafood species and also season of sampling.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and various resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii (A baumannii) from human clinical specimens at the payambaran and Baqiyatallah Hospitals in the city of Tehran, Iran, over a period of six months (September 2012 to March 2013). Methods: A total of 500 samples including blood, phlegm, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pus were collected from patients on admission in these hospitals. A baumannii was identified by using standard microbiological procedures and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guidelines using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, while different resistance genes were detected using PCR method. Results: A total of 121 A baumannii was detected out of 500 samples, representing 24.20% period prevalence. A baumannii was detected from all the sample groups, but a higher prevalence was observed in the blood (43.87%) and phlegm (24.11%). Antibiotic resistance profile showed higher resistance of A baumannii to tetracycline (90.90%), trimethoprim (61.98%) and cotrimoxazole (51.23%), followed by aminoglycosides (9.91–31.40%). Relatively low resistance was observed to cephalosporins (16.52–20.66%), quinolones (6.61–9.91%) and macrolides (8.26–14.04%), while the lowest resistance was observed to carbapenems (3.3–5.78%), chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin. Highest detection for resistant genes was observed for tetA (58.67%), aac (3)-IV (56.19%), sul1 (55.37%) and dfrA1 (48.76%). Relatively low detection was observed for aad A1, bla-genes (SHV, CTX-M, OXA-like, VIM, SIM and IMP) and lowest detection was observed for cat1 and cmlA, while no qnr gene was detected. Conclusions: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections are posing an increasing threat to the population in these communities. Carbapenems provide an effective option against infections caused by resistant A baumannii.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia, resistencia antimicrobiana, y varios genes de resistencia frente a la Acinetobacter baumannii (A baumannii) de muestras clínicas humanas en el hospital de Payambaran y el de Baqiyatallah en la ciudad de Teherán, Irán, durante un período de seis meses (de septiembre de 2012 a marzo de 2013). Métodos: Se recogieron un total de 500 muestras, incluyendo muestras de sangre, flema, orina, líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), y pus de los pacientes al ingresar en estos hospitales. La A baumannii fue identificada mediante procedimientos microbiológicos estándar y la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) convencional. La prueba de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se realizó según las guías de Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), usando la técnica de difusión en disco de Kirby-Bauer, mientras que los diferentes genes de resistencia fueron detectados usando el método de RCP. Resultados: Un total de 121 A. baumannii fue detectado en las 500 muestras, representando un 24.20% de prevalencia en el período. A. baumannii fue detectada en todos los grupos muestrarios, pero la prevalencia más alta se observó en la sangre (43.87%) y la flema (24.11%). El perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos mostró mayor resistencia de A. baumannii a la tetraciclina (90.90%), la trimetoprima (61.98%) y el cotrimoxazol (51.23%), seguido por los aminoglucósidos (9,91-31.40%). Una resistencia relativamente baja se observó en las cefalosporinas (16.52-20.66%), las quinolonas (6.61-9.91%) y los macrólidos (8.26 – 14.04%), mientras que la resistencia más baja se observó en las carbapenemas (3.3-5,78%), el cloranfenicol y la nitrofurantoína. La mayor detección de genes resistentes se observó en tetA (58.67%), aac 3-IV (56.19%), sul1 (55.37%) y dfrA1 (48.76%). Una detección relativamente baja se observó en aad A1, genes bla (SHV, CTX-M, tipo OXA, VIM, SIM e IMP), en tanto que la detección más baja se observó en cat1 y cmlA, no detectándose ningún gen qnr. Conclusiones: Las infecciones por Acinetobacter multirresistentes representan una creciente amenaza para la población de estas comunidades. Las carbapenemas proveen una opción efectiva contra las infecciones causadas por A. baumannii resistente.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência do vírus Hepatitis A (HAV) em amostras de frutos do mar nas cidades de Isfahan e Shahrekord no Iran. De setembro de 2010 a Abril de 2011 um total de 300 amostras de peixe fresco, camarão, caranguejo e lagosta foram obtidas de lojas de varejo aleatoriamente escolhidas nas cidades de Isfahan e Shahrekord no Iran. As amostras foram testadas para presença de HAV usando o método de reação em cadeia em transcriptase reversa. Do total de amostras examinadas, 8 (2.7%) foram positivas para HAV. Este vírus foi detectado em 5% e 1.7% de peixe fresco e camarão, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou a importância de frutos do mar como fontes potenciais de infecção HAV em pessoas no Iran.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in sea food samples in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. From September 2010 to April 2011, a total of 300 samples of fresh fish, shrimp, crab and lobster were obtained from randomly selected retail stores in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. The samples were tested for the presence of HAV using a reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction method. Out of the total number of samples examined, 8 (2.7%) were found to be positive for HAV. This virus was detected in 5% and 1.7% of fresh fish and shrimp, respectively. This study shows the importance of sea food as potential sources of HAV infection in people in Iran.